Environment Essay Example

Environment Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Environment Argument essay 1 The building of the Keystone XL pipeline has been considered by some as unavoidable. It is a known fact that any pipeline poses significant risks to the area around. Several risks to the environment are raised with the first one already underway. Clearing of forests especially in Canada where the pipeline is expected to pass has already begun. Other risks such as spillage resulting from high pressure are likely to occur every year as some sources cite. The impacts of such adverse risks are hard to recover (Korman 2011). Despite these risks, one side feels that it is necessary to have the pipeline considering the ever-increasing demands of energy. The proponents suggest that the effects brought by the pipeline will not be greater than effects of driving a vehicle every day. Precisely, proponents suggest that, without a near alternative such as enough solar energy, the pipeline is an option that cannot be ignored. While the opponents to the pipeline feel that risks poses are too much t o bear, the main question is whether the current demands or urgency for energy surpasses the need to ensure the soundness of the environment. When one mentions a pipeline, the idea of environmental degradation comes into mind. Almost every person knows that a pipeline would pose a serious danger to the environment. One fact is that completion of this pipeline means clearing an area equivalent to the whole state of Florida or even more. With such a large area to clear, one should consider other environmental effects such as loss of habitat for some wildlife. This further means loss of biodiversity among other effects associated with clearing of forests. This will also see the displacement of many people from their homes and their sources of income. The pipeline poses a risk due to possible spillages. One might say that spills are not likely to happen soon. However, statistical data does prove that, in United States alone, around 50 or more barrels of oil are spilled every three days only from pipelines (Hopkins 2013). With such spills, the environmental pollution is greater and permanent since reversing such damage is quite hard. A recent example of pipeline spillage is the Exxon Mobil pipeline in Mayflower, Arkansas where around 157,000 gallons of crude oil were spilled to the surrounding area. With such risks, completion of what is to become one of the biggest pipelines would mean a greater danger. While the damage to the environment is quite huge and irreversible, the biggest harm comes from what it takes to get oil from the tar sands or bitumen. Unlike other crude oils, it requires three barrels of water for the production of one barrel of oil. The worst part is that, when used, this water becomes contaminated with pollutant chemicals such as cyanide, ammonia and others, making it unusable or unsafe for consumption. This water is later released to the environment, causing increased harm, especially when the tar deposits sink below the water bodies, thereby contaminating them forever. Further, development of oil from tar sands produces three times the amount of greenhouse gases produced by other oil types. This makes it a very unclean source of energy. Such risks are causing many people to oppose the building of this pipeline considering the cost to the environment will be immense. However, some people are for the opinion that the pipeline should be completed. One of the major benefits to the economy is employment to many people especially during construction. Several companies have received contracts from the Canadian company building the pipeline. Proponents do contend to the fact that this pipeline will have unfortunate damage to the environment. However, they cite that urgency should be the main point to consider. While environmental and climatic changes are important, they are not as urgent as the need for energy. Thus, United States should not refuse the oil from Canada. Moreover, realities concerning the current situation in environmental risks caused by burning of fossil fuels involve huge damage to the environment, as well as other forms of energy. â€Å"The idea of turning away the oil from Canada because of its higher greenhouse-gas profile—about 17% higher than other fossil fuels, according to some sources—strikes us as a luxury, not a life-and-death issue† (Korman 2011). In this regard, the proponents to b uilding of the pipeline feel that environmental degradation should not be an issue considering the current demand for energy. Although it is not a life and death issue, environmental degradation costs us future generations, which I consider a matter of life and death. A further argument is made citing that United States and other nations across the whole world will continue to depend on fossil fuel burning for energy in a long time considering there is no close substitute to oil (Korman 2011). This is very true. However, I do not think that this allows us to continue exploiting unclean sources of energy. This implies that, as demands for energy increase, we shall have to keep exploiting such sources of energy while instead we should be seeking cleaner sources of energy. According to Pastel, â€Å"Dams and Diversions now alter the timing and volume of river flow on a wide geographic scale,† (2). In a world where the best action means reducing reliance on fossil fuels and increasing cleaner energy such as solar energy and wind energy, making a decision to continue with production of energy that increases production of greenhouse gases by 17% than usual is unethical. Considering the current issues about environment, increasing environmental degradation on the account of urgency in demand for energy does not make sense. The demand for energy will continue to rise even in the coming future. At this time, the government should be exploring cleaner sources of energy to meet the increasing demands. Continuing with building of the pipeline because of the current urgency for energy at the expense of our environment is not worth especially considering that this could go on for many decades. Instead, the government should start the exploration of newer and clean sources immediately. Argument essay 2 In an effort to meet our needs, we humans have tamed the environment. The environment now comes back with a lash threatening every person’s life. Water is one of the basic commodities without which any living organism cannot live. Yet, water is becoming a precious commodity that many cannot get. It is surprising that in an effort to produce more crops and generate electricity people have constructed dams and dykes on rivers to reduce impact of floods. As usual, changing nature comes with its costs to the same people who changed it. Additionally, human activities continue to make water unsafe for drinking while preventing most of it from flowing to the seas. This has caused serious consequences never foreseen before. Therefore, allowing rivers to flow ensures the maintained health of ecosystem as opposed to stopping water flow through dams and irrigation (International Rivers 2012). While irrigation is necessary for growing food considering that rain is not enough, it comes with costs especially when water is blocked from flowing. Building of dams slows the flow of water and allows creation of sediments or alluvial deposits at the bottom of the dam. With slowed water, breeding of insects such as mosquitoes increases and causes diseases to the people around. Such diseases can be prevented by allowing flow of water down the river. Water is considered life despite being a basic commodity that many take for granted. When dams are built, animals down the river are faced with a hard time. For instance, fish that swim upriver for spawning are blocked. This poses a risk to the extinction of such a species since it cannot reproduce. The sediments trapped at the bottom of the dam are necessary for supporting fertile plain lands downstream, coastal wetlands and productive deltas. Further, people living down stream are faced by huge water crisis when rivers are blocked up stream. The stagnant water changes some of the water properties such as temperature, oxygen levels as well as dissolved chemicals making the water unsuitable for aquatic plants and animals living around the area as well as downstream. Variation in river flow has the greatest environmental impact where life evolves depending on the amount of water flow and sediments transported downstream. Slight changes can change the ecosystem balance and cause change s in aquatic as well as riparian life. Considering these effects of building a dam, it is clear that having one costs the river’s ecosystem. This means that preserving and conserving rivers in their natural form is the best way of ensuring a balance in the ecosystem of the river. The current number of dams and artificial lakes in the United States is said to be more than 2 million small ones and about 75,000 large dams. Many rivers in the United States are dammed some with several dams. Although they are important for farming and hydroelectric power generation, supplying water to people and other places, it is important to consider the environmental impacts. Although we cannot eliminate all dams and reservoirs, we can reduce them to leave those that do not affect the flow of the river greatly. It is not surprising that some lakes that got their water from rivers are shrinking rapidly. Reduced flow of water downstream is reducing the flow of water into these lakes, which further threatens the life of some of the species (Muir 2013). Dams tend to favor predators especially with increase in water temperatures. The reduced levels of water especially near the dams ten to give predators a higher hand. Lack of balance threatens some fish species that swim upriver for spawning. Further, rivers ensure the existence of some places such as wetlands, floodplains and watershed that have their purpose such as absorbing rainwater and slow runoffs, which they help in recharging groundwater. The natural ecosystems have a great value that all people should value. Although damming is not good for the ecosystem, the economy has to be considered. Sometimes such activities have to be engaged considering their value to the economy. For instance, hydroelectric power is one of the clean energies that provide a substantial percentage of electricity worldwide, as opposed to other means such as nuclear power that people would not want near their homes (Postel 2009). Additionally, dams are important for supplying water to the people. However, the dams should only be limited to those that serve such important purposes. Otherwise, those that do not serve such purposes should be removed to allow natural ecosystems to thrive. Dams and reservoirs have their functions in the environment such as supplying water to people, irrigation and production of hydroelectric power. Although many purposes exist including entertainment, I feel that the three are the most important that can be allowed to exist since they support human life. Other purposes that might not be so significant should not hinder the flow of rivers downstream (Pastel 2). However, despite the purpose of a dam, water should continue to flow downstream in order to support the life downstream to avoid the adverse effects of varying flows down the river threatens the lives of both animals and people living in the lower areas. Work Cited Hopkins, Ruth. Keystone XL equals Death. indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com, April 30, 2013. Web. July 2, 2013. International Rivers. Environmental Impact of Dams. internationalrivers.org, 2012. Web. July 2, 2013. Korman, Richard. â€Å"Building the Keystone XL pipeline: A Necessary Evil.† Engineering News-Record, 267.11 (2011): 104. Print. Muir, John. Dams and Rivers: Human and Ecological Consequences. globalchange.umich.edu, February 12, 2010. Web. July 2, 2013. Postel, Sandra. â€Å"Water for Life.† Guest Editorial, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2009. Print.

Daniel Defoe essays

Daniel Defoe essays Daniel Defoe was born in London in 1660, he was the son of non-conformist, middle-class parents. The non-conformists or Dissenters were Protestant sects that opposed the official state religion of Anglicanism and consequently suffered persecution. At the age of fourteen his parents sent him to the famous academy at stoke Newngton kept by Charles Morton, where most of the students were Dissenters. The first decade of 1700s marked a period of increased political involvement for Defoe; he published perhaps his best-known verse, The True Born English Man (1701). In this work he satirized the prejudice of his fellow citizens and declared that the English were a race of Mongrels, bred from the castaways of Europe. In 1692 Defoe filled for bankruptcy, his debts mounting to over 17,000 pounds; Defoe was haunted throughout his life by unsatisfied debt collectors. He began to experiment with realistic dialogue, setting and characterization in The Family Structor (1715) one of his many books on religious and moral conduct. He was called the father of English Novel, his use of the first-person narrator and the development of his protagonists often undercut his normal themes, resulting in a group of stories whose plots flatly contradict their endings. Despite the uncertainty of Defoes intentions most contemporary critics agree that in Roxana novel the author was writing an unfavorable critique of capitalistic society, and not simply stressing the virtues of a moral life. Roxana was Defoes last major work of fiction and analyzing it we find three notables elements of style which are the point of view about Marriage, Satire and Narrative Techniques, they are in constantly use in this novel. First we are going to discuss The Satire, Roxana has two opposing modes of existence one spatial and the other temporal, and these are essential to the books social satire. Roxana is the mistress of a Ger ...

Photographic Portrait Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Photographic Portrait - Coursework Example For this he sought a means by which he could generate his work easily through automated image making. Today Photography is a combination of reportage and art. The photographer acts a as manipulator of his subject. He is the creator of his masterpiece unconventional or conventional. It is his knowledge of his equipment his art, his opinion and familiarization of his subject that he can produce and bring forward the unique masterpiece for people to analyze and be mesmerized with. He tells a story through his perspective, his lens. The subject is in the hands of the photographer and it is for him to pull the strings and get the subject do what the photographer wants and produce reactions that the photographer needs. Portrait means painted, drawn, or carved picture of something or a representation of a person especially of face drawn, painted or sculptured. It is also defined as the description or dramatic portrayal of a person. "Portraiture means individualism and as such means diversity, self-expression, and private point of view. The most successful images seem to be those which exist on several planes at once and which reflect the fantasy and understanding of many." Portraiture held different meaning for different times. The oncoming of the twentieth century did away with the carefully poised photographs. The techniques modernized as well as with the subjects the themes as well the photographers. Of the twentieth century the most notable photographers are Annie Leibovitz and Richard Avedon. While Leibovitz style is witty and captures the imagination of the onlookers Avedon's is in contrast captivating with his style of portraying his subjects as edgy. Leibovitz familiarization of her subjects makes them feel easy with her whereas Avedon creates his pictures by making his subjects it in front of the camera and then when they are at ease he shoots. In the 19th century the most popular was miniature portrait which was soon replaced by photography. The first portrait photographers had to compete with the painters so had more of the painter touch to their work. Photography compositions changed in accordance to the period in which they were taken as were themes and subjects. Objective/Aim To study and analyze the theory of photographic portrait and the photographers involved. Learning about the history of photographic portrait and how it evolved during the passage of time. 1- understanding theory of photographic portrait (both historical background and contemporary practices); 2- study portrait work of 2 photographers Avedon and Leibovitz Photographic portraiture: Photographic portraiture has much more to it than just taking a picture and making films. Various tools are incorporated in the process of making a photographic portrait. The goal is always to create something unique. It brings out what is not apparent to the naked eye and instead of capturing the superficial it captures life, personality, mood, relationships etc. A successful photographic portrait is one in which the photographer and the subject both work together in order to obtain perfection. As it aims to bring out the personality hence the subject must be careful about the

Nuclear Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nuclear Medicine - Essay Example Preparation of patient mostly is dependent on the type of procedure that will be performed. Allergy must be checked for radioactive tracer material used. Some of the procedures such as a bone scan do not need intensive patient preparation, but some require. A good example is thyroid body scan. When a patient is being prepared for thyroid test he or she should be instructed to speak with the technologist directly before the procedure is undertaken. The patient should be instructed to stop all thyroid medication since they may be falsely detected as a pathology with the machine. Before stopping the medication, they should seek clarification from the doctor. The patients sometimes are instructed to fast for two hours for the effectiveness of the nuclear medicine procedure (Chia-Ho, 2014). Nuclear medicine has many advantages. One is the advantage painless and less not invasive. It can help to diagnose, treat even predict the outcome of a wide range of condition without causing a lot of trauma to the patient. It helps to detect pathology within the body at the early time that in turn can help control the condition ahead of time. Nuclear medicine can also help to check how well the cancers are responding to therapy. Nuclear medicines also have a share of disadvantages and limitation. It involves exposure to ionizing radiation that can cause mutation if they are in huge doses. Some of the radioactive tracer materials injected into bodies have an allergic reaction that can be very detrimental. Hence, it is necessary to test for the presence of allergy with radioactive tracer material before nuclear medicine procedure is commenced. A time sedation may be needed because nuclear medicine procedure a time make patient feels claustrophobic (Mititelu, 2014) Most of the ailments that are diagnosed and treated with nuclear medicine are internal. This ailment will otherwise require a surgical procedure to be done for the diagnosis or therapeutic procedure to be done.

Patent Litigation and the Internet Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patent Litigation and the Internet - Article Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that 21 smartphones in Samsungs lineup, including the newest iteration of its Galaxy line the Galaxy S III, are being targeted for the ban. The goal, it seems clear, is to shut out Samsung from this important market, and in other key markets around the world. Taking a step back, differentiation for Samsung comes, first from the scale and the ability to compete on scale economics rather than design, and later with innovations around design, manufacturing, software and apps, new materials, further improvements in scale for component parts. The case highlights the notion of the smartphone industry in general as being an area that is fraught with litigation, where patents are being used as weapons in a kind of arms race for supremacy in the space. The estimates at present are that about 250,000 different patents cover a smartphone from the skin to the electronic board, and each of those patents can be used to claim some stake in the whole technol ogy. That claim can be used to ignite patent litigation. It is noteworthy that Apple's patents cover areas tied to design, which moving forward are considered to be harder to enforce in comparison to the nuts and bolts engineering and technological patents that other patent holders, such as Nokia and Samsung, hold. In the fray too, are patents from other major players, such as Microsoft, and to a lesser extent, Google, the latter being the indirect target of the Apple patent suits against Samsung. Experts note that Google is really the ultimate target of the Apple suits, and linked to Google, all the other major players in the Android ecosystem, including HTC. Yet smartphones technologies and patents differ too, in one crucial respect, in that while patent lawsuits can temporarily derail market advancement, in the long run, engineers are able to create workarounds that skip using contested technologies and patents altogether, or else manufacturers such as Samsung are forced to enter into   patent licensing agreements when the patents in question are essential and irreplaceable.

The Expansion Of London Heathrow Airport

The Expansion Of London Heathrow Airport Introduction The Labour Party and many business leaders have been arguing for expanding airport capacity in the South East and the quickest option is to expand Heathrow by adding a third runway. They are arguing the expansion would maintain Heathrows competitiveness, create quality jobs, boost businesses and help the UKs shaky economy. However, the green groups and local residents are concerned and arguing that expanding Heathrow airport is unnecessary and would increase noise and air pollution significantly. The conservative and Liberal Democrats were arguing against expansion. In 2010 the Conservative Party formed the Government with Liberals and according to their manifesto pledge the plan was cancelled. The Conservative leadership now believes the expansion is necessary and good for UKs economy, but there are concerns and opposition within the party against expansion (Pettinger, 2012). [4] Due to opposition to expansion in the Conservative Party and its manifesto pledge in 2010 general electi on, the Prime Minister has postponed Heathrow expansion decision until 2015 (Out-Law.com, 2012). [6] Background In 2003 the Department for Transport published its White Paper The Future of Air Transport in the United Kingdom. The White Paper stated for an urgent need of additional runway capacity and plans to be completed within 12 years in order to deal with future air travel demand. Socio-economic consequences of building additional airport capacity and the question of potential benefits and the need for Heathrow expansion caused concern for Greater London Authority. Greater London Authority undertook a brief review regarding White paper arrangements, especially the potential benefits of Heathrow airport expansion (GLA, 2006, p. ii). [1] Issues Expanding Heathrow will cause destruction of a community to make way for a third runway. If the plan goes ahead the entire village of Sipson could disappear of the map, according to the consultation document no more than seven hundred houses would need to be demolished in order to make way for the third runway. Campaigners say around four thousand households could lose their house and forcing ten thousand people to find new places to live (Beattie, 2007). [2] Environmental campaigners are concerned that the additional flights will increase CO2 emissions thus it would contribute to the global warming. They argue that the CO2 emissions will outweigh the economic benefits of the expansion, so the expansion could seriously weaken the UKs role to play its part in tacking climate change (Greenpeace, 2013). [3] (Millward, 2012) [13] Aims and Objectives Due to Heathrow Airports congestion issues (operating at 99% capacity) and the rise of international competitors like Paris, Frankfurt and China, the third runway is considered a solution to the capacity issues and also boosts UKs economy by making direct connections to countries around the world like Chile, Philippines and Peru (Valentine, 2012). [5] At the moment Heathrow Airport faces a considerable number of flight delays which is considered one of the worst in Europe due to operating at almost full capacity, which means that delayed flights affect other flights, and that means that there is no space to avoid that unless a new runway is made. Economically, the owners of Heathrow Airport claim that the lack of capacity is costing the economy 14 billion pounds every year (Sky News, 2012). [14] Stakeholders At the moment there are great numbers of entities that are interested in building the third runway and there are also entities that are concerned about it. These entities are the stakeholders of this project and primarily they are the following: BAA Government Airlines Environmental Associations Passengers Local Community Local Government Airport suppliers Organizations in the Region Parking Operators Since there is much at stake with the expansion project, these stakeholders are divided in way that some are very interested in the project like the BAA and the Airlines that are aiming to make money with this and against this project we have got stakeholders like the Environmental Associations and the Local Community because they claim that the runway will cause environmental issues and also there are people that will lose their place to live (Schaar et al., 2013 p. 109). [16] Decision Makers This is a large infrastructure project and it is difficult for a Government to decide and deliver. Any Government after 2015 general election first and for most will need to bring all the parties together and make a decision about airport capacity and to look at the issue carefully and bring about the changes, which will address Heathrows capacity problem that will have in future and UKs hub status. Now the decision making process lies with an independent inquiry into the UKs airport capacity and it will be carried out by a commission, chaired by former head of the Financial Services Authority Sir Howard Davies. The commission will look at all the evidence and publish an interim report this year that will include recommendations to the Government. The final report and the decision on action are expected after the next general election (Out-Law.com, 2012). [7] Case Justification Expansion of Heathrow Airport has become an important issue that both government and local people have an idea and overview about it. Labour Government thinks that third runway will cause a growth in UKs economy. If the capacity of the Heathrow airport stays the same, it will cause a decrease in tourism and competitiveness. Also building a new airport (Thames Estuary) will take long time which means there will be a lot of time wasted. Most of the local people dont want this expansion as they dont want to move away from their houses. Local people are also concerned from noise and pollution. Also Environmental campaigners think that third runway will increase co2 emissions and they say that this is plan will cause global warming. In this case study we will have a look at these advantages and issues, so we can evaluate this plan in detail. By Researching the opinions and we can come to a point that if this expansion needed or not. Expansion of Heathrow is currently a potential problem for the local people so they have already started to protest the plan by putting up posters on to the local shops indicating that they dont want this expansion. This plan is a major topic that being discussed in the area at the moment. So we thought that this case would be an ideal case to study in order to find out the benefits and problems of the expansion of Heathrow Airport. Since this case is quite complex and there are different aspects that may influence the final decision, the most predominant sides of the spectrum are the economical and ethical sides. The key driver of this project is without a doubt economical and we chose to provide economic information to the decision makers (Moore, 2012). [12] Critical Decision Making Information How much Heathrow is losing by not implementing the project? Lack of capacity at Heathrow airport costs the UK economy billions a year in lost trade, published in report commissioned by British Chamber of Commerce. British Chamber of Commerce calls for urgent and clear aviation strategy, which implement measures to keep Heathrow as a global hub. Also reading this information we have established lack of enough capacity at Heathrow would deter business leaders in other emerging economies like Brazil, India and China to do business with countries that have better air connection with their countries rather than the UK (British Chamber of Commerce, 2012). [9] Research shows that business leaders in emerging economies as mentioned above see direct air link as important to maintain the UKs prospect in global market. This information could be accessed in British Chamber of Commerce and readily available by surfing the internet for free and the information could easily be accessed in other forms such as interviews and surveys, which were carried out by World Travel Market (WTM) (Woodman, 2012). [10] There are lots of good and up to date information is available as well as some opposing information, which explains it sufficiently accurate in details that would be beneficial to the decision makers. The information we have been looking at comes from respected organization such as British Chamber of Commerce and has been published in many news sites such as BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) and other news group, so the reliability of information comes from these organization could be trusted to support decision making. As we have carefully examined all the information we have been reading and also checked the provider of source of information, so we have identified some propaganda in opposing the economic side of expansion that could be dismissed and disregarded as propaganda. We will store this information as data in a secure database and will be displayed as a table in the system to be accessed by all decision makers (Osborn, 2009). [8] How much Heathrow will earn by making the project? There are currently two runways and five terminals operating at the Heathrow Airport. More than 69 million passengers a year visit Heathrow airport. This number will increase around to 82 million passengers a year. Heathrow airport is operating at 99% capacity, which means any unforeseen situation would cause lots of disruptions. As the capacity is stretch to its limit British Astronomical Association (BAA) cant sign new contracts with airlines for more flights. By building the third runway, BAA would sign new contracts with airlines for more flights so BAA will earn more money from landing fees and staying fees (Osborn, 2009). [17] According to British Chambers of Commerce expansion of Heathrow airport will produce  £30bn of economic benefits. The research shows that in order to stay in the completion with global competitors like France and Germany Heathrow Airport should be expanded. This report was published in the media and in many websites like BBC. This shows that we can trust the information on this report, which British Chambers of Commerce published. This information could be accessed in the report that British Chamber of Commerce produced about Heathrow Airport. This is a study funded by Future Heathrow (a lobby group for the third runway). This information is available on internet and can be accessed by any internet user (British Chamber of Commerce, 2012). [18] By expanding Heathrow airport, capacity will increase, more passengers will travel and this will put Heathrow airport ahead from their continental competitors. Increasing flights means more tourists, more landing and more staying fees. More shops will be opened after the expansion of Heathrow airport, which will be located in the new terminal (Terminal 6). This means BAA will earn more money from the rents of the shops. How much will it cost? How Heathrow may have an edge over its competitors? Knowing how the competitors may affect this project is an important factor to consider when making the decision on actually going through with the project or not. The reason for this is that the growth of competitors will definitely hinder the purpose of Heathrow as a hub airport and therefore have a negative impact in the UKs economy. However there may be key aspects of Heathrow Airport that can make it more desirable than its competitors and we can find that out. This information can be found in the International Air Connectivity for Business briefing which includes information on how connected the UK airports to the worlds main business destinations. This briefing is available in the internet and can be accessed by anyone. This briefing includes quality information since it takes data from Heathrows main competitors (Paris, Amsterdam and Frankfurt) and compares the connectivity between them with the rest of the world. The data was obtained during the busiest month of the year in the airports and we can assume that the data provided is quite accurate although it is a bit outdated (2011). Moreover, the briefing is reliable since it was produced by AirportWatch and WWF. In our system, this information can be used to estimate the potential of building the third runway by storing the information in a spread sheet and making a graph containing the possible new connections and contrast those connections with its main competitors. The purpose of doing this is to determine if Heathrow can actually compete with the other airports and to support the decision maker by stating if going through with this project will be worthwhile or not (LeftFutures, 2013). [15] Simulation Modelling We are suggesting Stella model, a decision support tool that would help the decision makers to decide in a complex situation as expansion of Heathrow. By using Stella modelling, a model could be created to visualize by linking components together that represents the related mathematical expressions. Stella provides a practical way to stimulate and dynamically visualize how a complex idea works (iseesystems, 2013). [11] Potential Monetary Loss The time that the third runway planned to be built, will affect the success of this project. Decision makers will have to be sure that its the right time to implement this project. Before implementing the third runway, decision makers have to calculate how much money they are going to lose every year that this project is delayed. Potential money loss due to a delay would be reasons like; lack of capacity for new flights or during the time that this project is delayed, other competitors may make new deals with the airlines, so that this can cause a loss in future flights. A model is needed to show the stats to decision makers and by having a clear knowledge about the potential monetary loss every year, the decision makers can make better decisions. This model will be a graph that will calculate the potential money loss for every year that the third runway will not be implemented. The variable of this model will be the time spent to decide to do this project and the time of the construction process. Capacity over demand The current capacity and the current demand for additional capacity will no doubt affect the mind-set of most decision makers that are involved in the third runway e.g. the more demand there is the more capability there is so handle varying flows of customers. Having said that it is of the utmost importance to fully understand the information that is being handled and the implication of any decision that are given the go ahead. One applicable way to allow for the full comprehension of any information is to model it. There are varying methods of data modelling that are applicable to this situation. With data modelling the user is able to alter variables and can see the effect that these altered variables will have to a given situation. One way in which the variable can be displayed is in a graph, the user will be able to alter the demand to show the effects of increased demand on the airport, also the user will then be able to view the required capacity to allow the airport to run efficiently. Long Term Effect of Heathrows Competitors Predicting how the competitors will grow in the future, it is possible to estimate how much they can influence the success of the third runway. The reason for this is that they will take away potential business opportunities and therefore impact negatively the success of the project. To measure this we decided to build a model to allow the decision makers to see how the competitors may affect this project and it will allow them to calculate how risky this project may be. This model will be a graph that will allow comparison between Heathrow and its competitors. The variables of this model will include the growth in flight connections of each competitor and it will have a negative correlation with Heathrows flight connections. Therefore it will also show the amount of business opportunities the airport will lose. For example, if the decision maker decides to set Frankfurt airports growth high, it will show how much it will impact Heathrow airport.

Traditional Ideologies :: essays research papers

'Traditional Ideologies' The texts that we, the reader, tend to relate to most are the texts that reflect our values or include certain social issues of the present. Texts such as these are therefore quite commonly found beside the beds, on the coffee tables and in the bookcases of many Australians. These texts, in a way act as a barometer for values, and shifts in values in our society. This can be seen in many instances. For example, take the feature film 'The Castle'. The typical Australian family, the Kerrigans, represented in this film was not chosen by accident. No, no they were chosen because the writers of this film knew that everyday Australians could relate to the Kerrigans and in some ways see themselves in this simple family. The film endorses many Australian values and attitudes, to which the everyday Australian can not only relate to but also understand aswell. The text acts as a medium for the viewer to realise his/her own values and helps the viewer to recognise the social values that surround him/her. However, texts do not merely inform the reader of values present in the society. They can also reflect the current shift in values and attitudes away from the dominant ideologies. This can be seen heavily in the novel 'Cloudstreet' by Tim Winton. In this text many characters are seen to have somewhat different roles in the family that one would expect. Lester Lamb is an excellent example of this. The traditional role of the man in the house is to go out and work hard for his money and come home to a wife who would support him and look after the house and the kids. However, Lester is portrayed as a sensitive man who cooks and cleans regularly aswell as helps with many of the household chores. He also seems to have no quarrel with his wife having most of the control over the household or him having to pull his own weight. This is of course a step away from the traditional ideology of what a man should act like. This clever characterisation represents the shift away from the traditional gender roles that have for so long been enforced in our society. Which leaves the reader thinking, once again, about their own values and the now shifting values of the society. This point can be further seen in the short story 'Neighbours', which is also written by Tim Winton.